Iran International
Iranian security forces shot protester Farid Ramezani during the January protests in Tehran, then targeted his Pahlavi crown tattoo as he lay wounded before killing him with a shot to the forehead, a source familiar with the case told Iran International.
Ramezani, 29, was shot on the evening of Jan. 8 in Tehran's Ariashahr neighborhood, said the source who could not be named for fear of retribution from Iranian authorities.
Ramezani was among hundreds of thousands of protesters who took to the streets of Tehran on Jan. 8 as nationwide demonstrations against the Islamic Republic intensified.
A video obtained by Vahid Online from Ariashahr that same night shows security forces opening a barrage of gunfire on protesters, with repeated shots heard as people scream and run from the scene.
On that night, security forces fired three bullets at Ramezani in total: the first brought Ramezani to the ground, the second was fired at the finger bearing the crown tattoo, and the third struck his forehead and killed him, according to the source.
After his death, Ramezani's family came under intense pressure from security agencies, the source said. Authorities demanded money from the family for the three bullets used to kill him, describing the payment as a “bullet fee,” and withheld his body for about two weeks.
Security agencies also barred the family from burying him in Tehran. His body was transferred to Hashjin in Khalkhal county, in the northwestern province of Ardabil, where he was buried.
The source said security forces imposed tight restrictions on the funeral, preventing a public ceremony and barring the display of Iran’s pre-1979 Lion and Sun flag, a symbol widely used by opponents of the Islamic Republic, at the burial site.
The Pahlavi crown tattooed on his finger is associated with the monarchy which ruled Iran before the establishment of the Islamic Republic in 1979.
Monarchist and other symbols associated with pre-1979 Iran have increasingly appeared among opponents of the clerical establishment.
The targeting of Ramezani's tattoo is not the first such case reported during the January protests. Last month, Iran International reported that security agents used a blade and box cutter to cut away skin and flesh bearing tattoos of Reza Shah Pahlavi and an imperial crown from the arm of 21-year-old protester Amirhossein Nobakht Pardasti before later killing him with a gunshot, according to sources close to his family.
Similar cases have also been documented during earlier protest movements.
One of the best-known was Majidreza Rahnavard, a protester executed in Mashhad in December 2022, following the Woman, Life, Freedom protests.
Rahnavard had a Lion and Sun emblem tattooed on his left forearm. Images released after his arrest showed the arm badly injured and immobilized in a cast and bandages.
A person close to Rahnavard told Iran International that security agents repeatedly struck the tattooed arm with batons and stun guns because of the emblem, eventually breaking it.
“Cafe and restaurant outings are a form of recreation and something people look forward to, but inflation and rising costs have deprived many people even of that,” one audience member wrote.
Responses to an Iran International question about monthly cafe spending ranged from zero to hundreds of millions of rials. For many respondents, however, “nothing” and “zero” were the recurring answers.
When essentials leave Iranians nothing for a coffee
Several people said they had not visited a cafe or restaurant for months or years because rent, utility bills, medical care, food and debt payments had taken priority.
“How much do we earn in this inflation for anything to be left for recreation? We work from morning until night and can only pay the rent,” one person wrote.
Another said even buying enough food had become difficult.
“We are trying to be able to provide two meals a day. Going to a cafe has become completely out of reach for us,” the respondent wrote.
Healthcare expenses featured repeatedly in the messages. One person said a root canal on August 10 cost 120 million rials ($65), leaving no money for leisure or cafe visits.
Many Iranian workers earn around 200 million to 250 million rials ($108-$134) a month. The rial trades at around 1.86 million to the dollar on the free market.
Another, a retired education worker, said even one restaurant or cafe visit a year was unaffordable.
“I pay for medicine and doctors in installments,” the retiree wrote.
Others described a gradual erosion of living standards rather than a sudden end to leisure spending. One said the family had gone to cafes or restaurants around three times a month until relatively recently but was now buying basic necessities on credit.
“Expenses such as cafes and restaurants, recreation and travel disappeared a long time ago, and only essential costs such as healthcare, food, rent and installments remain,” another person wrote.
Some said even those essentials were becoming increasingly difficult to afford.
“We have become dependent on money for our daily bread. Where would we find money for cafes or eating out? Buying fruit has become a dream for us,” one person wrote.
Another said the family had been unable to afford recreation or leisure activities for about one or two years and believed much of society was focused primarily on getting by.
A simple cafe order costs millions of rials
Prices listed by cafes on SnappFood application show how quickly even relatively simple orders can add up.
An Americano at cafes reviewed by Iran International started at about 1.1 million rials ($0.59) and reached roughly 3.8 million rials ($2.04) at some establishments. Espresso prices exceeded 3 million rials ($1.61) in some cases.
Breakfast dishes started at around 2 million rials ($1.08) at some cafes, while options including omelets or bread, cheese and herbs could cost more than 4 million rials ($2.15).
One said two drinks and a slice of cake for two people now cost about 12 million rials ($6.45).
Another calculated that buying only a morning espresso every day would cost 60 million to 70 million rials ($32-$38) a month.
Prices vary substantially by city, neighborhood and establishment, but several cafe visits each week can push monthly spending into tens of millions of rials.
Millions spent to preserve a social life
Not everyone has stopped going. Some said they deliberately continued setting aside money for cafes despite rising costs, describing the outings as one of their remaining opportunities for socializing and escaping daily pressures.
Monthly spending among this group commonly ranged from 50 million to 100 million rials ($27-$54), according to figures respondents provided, with some putting their spending at 150 million to 200 million rials ($81-$108) or as much as 300 million rials ($161).
“Every day I buy a shot of coffee and a small bottle of water from a cafe, and maybe a vitamin C drink. I calculated that it comes to around 50 million rials ($27) a month,” one person wrote.
Another said they visited cafes at least 20 times a month.
The spending does not necessarily reflect financial comfort, according to some of the messages. Citizens described paying for cafes as a way to preserve a fragment of ordinary social life despite the squeeze on household budgets.
One person estimated that under current prices, even a relatively frugal young person could face monthly expenses of 150 million to 300 million rials ($81-$161), rising to between 400 million and 700 million rials ($215-$376) with greater spending, whether on cafes or other necessities.
Cafe owners squeezed by debt and closures
Cafe owners and workers who contacted Iran International described the other side of the contraction in discretionary spending: fewer customers alongside rising operating costs and debt.
One respondent from Khuzestan said debt had forced them out of business.
“I have been unemployed for two months because of debt, I lost my cafe, my bank installments are overdue and there is nothing I can do,” the person wrote.
Businesses also face closures linked to enforcement of Iran's mandatory hijab rules. Another pointed to cafes being sealed in Qazvin over compliance with the dress code.
For many, cafe outings have therefore become another measure of shrinking household choices: eliminated altogether by some families and maintained at considerable cost by others seeking a few hours of social life outside the pressures of everyday expenses.
