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European powers risk losing relevance in nuclear diplomacy with Iran by pushing for the reactivation of UN sanctions through the so-called "snapback" mechanism, Iranian outlet Nour News said on Monday.
In an analysis, Nour News — which is linked to Iran’s Supreme National Security Council — argued that European powers, sidelined in the direct US-Iran talks now mediated by Oman, are attempting to force their way back into the process by threatening to invoke the snapback clause of the 2015 nuclear deal.
The mechanism could reinstate all UN sanctions on Tehran, but Nour News warned that such a move would harm Europe’s own security and undermine diplomatic progress.
“Europe knows that triggering snapback sanctions would be like drawing a double-edged sword,” the outlet wrote. “It may cost them more than it would Iran... Europe's approach is less about pressure and more about reclaiming influence.”
A potential US-Iran nuclear deal that lifts sanctions on Tehran's oil industry could deal a serious blow to China's independent "teapot" refineries, which have profited from processing heavily discounted Iranian crude, Reuters analyst Ron Bousso wrote on Monday.
These small, privately owned refiners—mainly based in Shandong province—accounted for 77% of Iran’s oil exports in 2024, according to data from ship-tracking firm Kpler. Their business model has depended on sanctioned oil shipped via a shadow network of tankers and shell companies.
“If sanctions are loosened, this oil would be sold swiftly,” Bousso noted, warning that market liberalization could both depress global oil prices and undermine the fragile profit margins of teapots, which already operate at low utilization rates due to overcapacity and export restrictions.
Iranian oil production averaged 3.3 million barrels per day (bpd) last year and could ramp up by another 500,000 bpd within six months of a deal, Bousso said, citing OPEC figures. Such a surge would likely intensify Saudi Arabia’s ongoing price war while boosting Iran’s revenues and global oil supply.
The biggest losers, however, would be Chinese teapots, many of which may be forced to scale back or shut down altogether. “The removal of US sanctions on Iranian crude could therefore undermine their business models,” Bousso wrote.
In contrast, China’s large state-owned refiners stand to benefit by absorbing more market share, while the global refining industry may see a modest boost amid mounting uncertainty around fuel demand and energy transition policies.
Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei’s reaction to Donald Trump’s Riyadh speech only confirmed the US president’s critique, analyst Morad Veisi argues.
Trump compared Iran’s failures with Persian Gulf Arab progress, triggering a defensive response from regime officials, he said.
Khamenei said the remarks weren’t worth answering, but then echoed them—proof, Veisi says, that the message hit home.
“If officials think Trump lied, they must prove it,” he said. Veisi described Khamenei’s reply as vague and slogan-driven, lacking data.
As Iranians face inflation, outages, and regional isolation, Veisi believes public comparisons with neighbors expose the Islamic Republic’s failure to deliver tangible progress after 47 years in power.
Qatar's diplomatic prowess was lavished with praise by US President Donald Trump on his visit this week, suggesting the maverick mediator state may be set for more involvement on one of the region's trickiest dossiers: Iran.
Trump's remarks could herald a bigger role for Qatar as the US-Iran talks mediated by Oman appear headed for crunch time.
During a state dinner in Doha this week, Trump appeared to acknowledge Qatar’s crucial role in helping put off a US military strike on Iran amid high stakes talks over Tehran's disputed nuclear program.
Trump praised Qatar’s leadership, specifically Emir Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani, for resisting calls within Washington and its allies to deliver a “hard blow” to Iran.
“Iran should seriously thank the emir of Qatar, because there are others who want to deal a hard blow to Iran, unlike Qatar,” Trump said. “Iran is very lucky to have the emir because he’s actually fighting for them. He doesn’t want us to do a vicious blow to Iran.”
Hashem Ahelbarra, a correspondent for Qatar-owned Al-Jazeera, said the comments strongly indicate a potential larger role for Doha in mediating a settlement between Tehran and Washington.
“They played quite a crucial role in mediating between the Iranians and the Americans in the past.”
Increased Qatari engagement would come at a time Iran is signaling openness to include its Sunni Arab neighbors in the nuclear negotiation process.
Iran’s Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi’s visits to Riyadh and Doha earlier this month just ahead of the fourth round of nuclear talks held in Oman and Abu Dhabi highlight Tehran’s willingness to broaden the regional dialogue.
Perils of potential US-Iran military confrontation for Qatar
The gas-rich microstate has been key mediator for the United States in regional conflagrations from Afghanistan to Gaza.
Qatar, which has strong ties with the US and hosts Al Udeid Air Base—the largest US military base in the Middle East—opposes any US or Israeli military strike on Iran and its nuclear facilities, emphasizing the risk of regional destabilization, and seeks a diplomatic solution.
Iranian officials, including Defense Minister Aziz Nasirzadeh, have issued multiple warnings that Iran would retaliate against US military bases and interests in the region if Washington initiates a military strike.
“We have no hostility toward our neighboring countries, and brotherhood prevails among us. However, US bases located in the region's countries will be considered targets by us in the event of an attack on the Islamic Republic of Iran,” he said.
Additionally, Iran has threatened to close the Strait of Hormuz, a vital oil shipping route, if a war breaks out.
In March 2025, Qatari Prime Minister Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdulrahman Al Thani warned that military strikes on Iranian nuclear facilities could have catastrophic environmental consequences, such as contaminating the Persian Gulf’s waters.
This, he said, would imperil the water security of Qatar, along with other states like the UAE and Kuwait, all of which rely heavily on desalinated water from the Persian Gulf.
Good neighbors
Iran and Qatar, which share stewardship of South Pars, the world’s largest natural gas field, have maintained close economic and political relations over the years.
Iran played a crucial role in helping Qatar maintain economic stability and connectivity with the outside world when Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Bahrain and Egypt imposed a blockade on Qatar in 2017, partly due to its close ties with Iran.
Tehran offered Doha diplomatic support, opened its airspace to Qatari aircraft, sent dozens of cargo planes and ships loaded with food, and expanded maritime trade routes to Qatar through its southern ports.
More recently, Doha initiated indirect talks between the US and Iran in 2023, focusing on potential compromises around Iran’s uranium enrichment levels in exchange for phased sanctions relief.
Qatar also played a pivotal role in facilitating the release of five American citizens detained in Iran in September 2023, hosting multiple rounds of indirect negotiations between US and Iranian officials in Doha.
The detainees were freed in exchange for five Iranians held in the US, alongside the transfer of $6 billion in Iranian funds previously frozen in South Korea.
The unfrozen funds, stipulated to be used solely for humanitarian purposes, such as purchasing food and medicine, were transferred to Qatari banks and Qatar committed to overseeing the disbursement of these funds to ensure compliance with US sanctions.
The funds, however, have not been made available to Iran due to a quiet agreement between Washington and Doha.
Iran's Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei blamed Washington for obstructing the release of the funds during his meeting with the Emir of Qatar in Tehran in February and said Iran expected Doha to resist US pressure.
Iran is facing one of its bleakest economic outlooks in years, data published by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) suggests, with inflation surging, fiscal deficit growing and nominal economy shrinking—all indicators of potential long-term instability.
Iran’s real GDP is set to grow by just 0.3% in 2025, the IMF's Regional Economic Outlook for the Middle East and Central Asia published this month projected.
That’s a sharp fall in its October 2023 estimate for this year of 3%.
The revision appears to reflect the tightening of US sanctions under President Donald Trump, who has promised to slash Tehran’s oil revenues and restrict its access to international finance.
In April alone, the Trump administration imposed eight new packages of sanctions targeting tankers and trading networks that facilitate the sale of Iranian oil. Between January and April 2025, imports from China—Iran’s primary oil buyer—fell to 1.38 million barrels per day (bpd), about 7 percent below the 2024 average.
The IMF estimates both production and exports to fall by 300,000 bpd in 2025. Independent energy analytics firms such as Kpler, Vortexa, and TankerTrackers have predicted a steeper drop, as much as 500,000 bpd.
Surplus narrows, capital flees
Iran’s total exports, including non-oil goods and services, is projected to decline by 16% this year to $100 billion, according to the IMF. Imports are expected to fall 10% to $98 billion, leaving a slim trade surplus of just $2 billion, compared to $10 billion last year.
Despite running trade surpluses in recent years, capital flight remains alarmingly high.
Iran’s Central Bank estimates that $14 billion exited the country in the last nine months of 2024. That comes atop $20 billion the year before. Since 2018, when Trump introduced his so-called maximum pressure campaign against Tehran.
Currency falls, economy shrinks
Perhaps the most shocking of IMF figures is those of Iran’s nominal GDP—which reflects the size of an economy in global terms. Iran’s nominal GDP will fall from $401 billion in 2024 to $341 billion this year, according to the report.
The primary reason behind this dramatic fall is the collapse of Iran’s currency, Rial, which lost nearly half its value in 2024.
While real GDP appears relatively stable domestically as it adjusts for inflation and ignores currency devaluation, the dollar-denominated figures reveal a steep contraction.
In 2000, Iran’s economy was larger than those of the United Arab Emirates, Turkey and Saudi Arabia. Today, all three have surpassed Iran, with GDPs more than three times that of Iran in the case of the latter two.
Prices soar, pockets empty
Adjusting for ever-rising prices in Iran, the IMF has upped its inflation estimate for 2025: from 37% in its last report to just above 43% in the latest.
Iran now ranks fourth in the world in inflation, beaten by Venezuela, Sudan, and Zimbabwe only.
Several factors are fueling the surge: the rial’s collapse, restricted access to foreign reserves, excessive domestic borrowing, and rising import costs under sanctions.
What next?
Most troubling for Iran’s government could be the IMF's estimate that the country would need oil prices to reach $163 per barrel just to balance its 2025 budget. That is more than double the current global average.
In its latest budget, the administration of president Masoud Pezeshkian has assumed daily oil exports of 1.85 million bpd at $67 per barrel. But the IMF expects actual exports to average just 1.1 million bpd, indicating a substantial shortfall.
This is a familiar story. Successive administrations in Iran have run deficits amounting to roughly one-third of total public spending, plugging the gap with heavy borrowing and money printing—both of which have fueled inflation and monetary instability.
The IMF projects Iran’s gross government debt to rise to just under 40% of GDP in 2025, and a couple of points above it in 2026 — troubling figures for an economy already under severe external pressure.
