Republican Senators Accuse Biden Of Not Enforcing Iran Sanctions

Enrique Mora, head of staff of European Union foreign policy chief Josep Borrell, wrote that that “political decisions are needed now,” with negotiations expected to resume next week. The eighth round of the talks beginning December 27, he noted, had been “so far the longest” since efforts began in Vienna last April to revive the 2015 Iran nuclear deal, the JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action).

A separate statement from the three European talks participants– France, Germany, and the United Kingdom − noted: "Everyone knows we are reaching the final stage, which requires political decisions."

The Europeans’ reference to political decisions echoed remarks from both Iranian foreign minister Hossein Amir-Abdollahian, who Monday said talks were reaching a point where “we have to make a political decision,” and Brett McGurk, the United States National Security Council Middle East coordinator, who Thursday told a webinar that talks would reach a “culmination point…pretty soon.”

The greatest task in the talks – involving remaining JCPOA signatories (China, France, Germany, Iran, Russia, and the United Kingdom), and indirectly the US – has been agreeing which US sanctions violate the 2015 agreement and how the Iranian nuclear program, which Tehran has developed since 2019, can be returned to JCPOA limits.

Many issues are both technical and political. A French presidential official, speaking to reporters Friday after a telephone call between French President Emmanuel Macron and Russian President Vladimir Putin, said clarification was still needed over nuclear steps Iran needed to take and over Iran’s demand for guarantees that the US would not again leave the agreement.

While many US sanctions introduced since 2018, when President Donald Trump left the JCPOA, are clearly contrary to the agreement, others were introduced on grounds including human rights or links to the Iranian Supreme Leader’s office.

McGurk’s claim to Carnegie that the talks had returned to a point reached last June, when they were suspended pending the Iranian presidential election, illustrated the political challenge that could face new President Ebrahim Raisi, many of whose supporters are long-term JCPOA critics.

Raisi Challenge

While much debate among Iran’s principlists has lately been over possible direct bilateral talks with the US to reach agreement in Vienna, Raisi would need to present a revived JCPOA as more favorable to Iran than anything that would have been agreed by his centrist predecessor Hassan Rouhani.

JCPOA revival is also controversial in the US, where the State Department confirmed earlier this week that Richard Nephew, the Deputy Special Envoy for Iran, had left the negotiation team for another post in the State Department. The Wall Street Journal claimed the move was prompted by Nephew, a seasoned architect of sanctions, failing to achieve a more assertive US approach in the talks.

Biden came to office pledging to revive the JCPOA, which his Republican Party predecessor President Donald Trump, left in 2018, but has faced criticism not just from Republican Congresspeople and lobbyists but from some within his own Democratic Party.

Russia's top negotiator in Vienna, Mikhail Ulyanov, tweeted Friday a cautious prediction: "My instinct tells me that agreement will be reached soon after mid-February."

Ali Alizadeh, the secretary of the National Security and Foreign Policy Committee at Iran's parliament, said in an interview published on Friday that it is not likely that the negotiations lead to any results in the near future.

Despite numerous reports about Tehran not considering an interim deal with the world powers, Alizadeh said Iran has not yet announced any formal position on whether to approve or reject the plan, which proposed partial steps in sanction removal and halts in the Islamic Republic’s nuclear program.

The suggestion of an interim agreement came first from a European state with the idea focused on releasing Iranian money frozen in Asia. Iran's assets frozen abroad are said to be $50 billion, including $8 billion in South Korea, $3 billion in Japan, and $6 billion in Iraq.

Commenting about the release of Iran's blocked assets, Alizadeh said that with the green light of the Western side and without a media hype, it is happening through Chinese channels instead of the EU-Iran Instrument in Support of Trade Exchanges (INSTEX).

“In other words, the sale of Iranian oil and the return of its money to the country is taking place with no trouble, which can be considered a positive step in motivating the parties to conclude the negotiations”, he said.

Brett McGurk, US National Security Council Coordinator for the Middle East and North Africa, told the Carnegie Endowment for International Peacein a live webinar that the Biden administration was “not trying to pursue a transformation of this region” and was focused on US interests rather than “maximalist goals”, including “regime change.”

McGurk, who has served under the successive administrations of presidents George Bush, Barak Obama and Donald Trump, identified the prevention of an Iranian nuclear bomb as a core US interest and the “security of Israel” as a “first principle.”

Reiterating Biden officials’ criticism of President Trump over leaving in 2018 the 2105 Iran nuclear deal, the JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action), McGurk said “this problem is not one that we should be having” given the JCPOA “did put a cap on Iran’s nuclear program through 2031.”

McGurk said the Vienna negotiations, which began in April aimed at reviving the JCPOA, were reaching a “culmination point…pretty soon.”

“We’re going to know very soon whether or not it’s possible for the Iranians to return to compliance with the nuclear deal on terms that we and the international community can accept,” he said.

Iran Hit ‘United Front’

McGurk stressed a common approach of world powers taking part in the Vienna talks, suggesting the Biden administration had “over the past year united the P5+1,” a reference to the five permanent members of the UN security council, plus Germany, who all signed the JCPOA and are present in Vienna.

The Iranians had been “surprised by the united front that they have hit,” McGurk said, adding that the talks were basically now…back to where we were at the end of last summer.”

The talks were suspended in June after the Iranian presidential election and the transition to the new administration of President Ebrahim Raisi (Raeesi), who appointed new negotiators claiming they were taking a fresh, and more assertive approach in the talks.

This meant, McGurk explained, that there was a “good chance of a deal” but also “a pretty good chance that there’s not going to be a deal.” He insisted that the US was “prepared for either scenario,” but that while Washington would “perhaps” be interested in an interim agreement its focus remained on securing “full compliance” of Iran with the JCPOA, an aim McGurk said that was shared by all the world powers.

Time, however, the US diplomat stressed, was limited as Iran continued the advances made in its atomic activities begun in 2019, which have included enriching uranium to 60 percent.

“We are now on the verge of a nuclear crisis, because Iran’s program has advanced, even as it has faced tremendous setbacks,” McGurk said, “and it’s getting to the point where the break-out time – where Iran would have enough fissile material to be able to divert material for a weapons program where we could not detect it, or [United Nations] inspectors could not detect it [in time to intervene] – we’re starting to approach that window.”

Iranian Foreign Minister Hossein Amir-Abdollahian met his Qatari counterpart Mohammed bin Abdulrahman Al-Thani in Tehran Thursday morning, sparking suggestions in domestic and foreign media that Doha was working for direct US-Iran talks to help revive the 2015 Iran nuclear deal.

In a note headlined "Mistaken Interpretation Of Iran, Qatar Foreign Ministers' Visit," IRNA reported “good and close relations” with Qatar but said “speculation” over “direct talks with the US in Vienna,” where multilateral talks to revive the 2015 deal, had “fueled some misconceptions about the nature of the visit.”

The visit was announced Wednesday, two days after two calls between the two foreign ministers. "Two phone calls can be made when relations are close, developments fast, and the issue at hand important," tweeted Hamidreza Dehghani, Iran’s ambassador to Doha.

The IRNA note, published before the Tehran meeting, reiterated Iran’s stance that the central issue in reviving the 2015 deal, the JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action), was the US need to “return to its commitments” under the agreement, which Washington left in 2018 while imposing ‘maximum pressure’ sanctions.

The note stressed that until this happened a US “presence in the meetings of the Joint Committee [of remaining JCPOA members]” in Vienna would be “irrelevant,” and that “the key to solving the problem is [the US] returning to all commitments under the JCPOA, not mediation.”

IRNA went on to note both that some politicians in Iran had been arguing for direct US talks and that Qatari officials had not refuted speculation about mediation as "they want to gain credit" from posing as a mediator. With the meeting between Amir-Abdollahian and al-Thani focused on “regional” issues, IRNA observed, "Qatar's capabilities and record in this regard [mediation] do not confirm such an interpretation."

Among such regional issues are rising tensions over the United Arab Emirates role in the Yemen war, and recent Ansar Allah, or Houthi, missile attacks in the UAE.

But Qatar's emir Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad al-Thani is due to meet US President Joe Biden January 31, where restoring the JCPOA is likely to be discussed. Doha has called on both the US and Iran to respect the terms of the deal.

While Tehran has refused direct talks with the US since Washington left the JCPOA, and has insisted that the Vienna negotiations, which began in April, should remain formally within JCPOA structures with the US taking part indirectly, there have been recent signs that with Vienna process at a crucial point Tehran is reconsidering.

Talks remain controversial

Amir-Abdollahian said Monday that the possibility of bilateral talks with the US would not be "overlooked" if a "good deal with strong guarantees" was within reach. Ali Shamkhani, Secretary of Iran's Supreme National Security Council (SNSC), also raised the possibility in a tweet Tuesday. President Ebrahim Raisi in a TV interview Tuesday also appeared open, if hesitant, over the prospect.

But such talks remain controversial. The flagship hardliner newspaper Kayhan Tuesday criticized Amir-Abdollahian and Shamkhani, demanding an explanation.

Abdollah Ganji, chief editor of the principlist Jahan newspaper, has preferred to insist that any talks with the US should be bilateral and not within JCPOA structures.

While Raisi has continued approach of former president Hassan Rouhani over US participation in Vienna, some Iranian reformists have been recently pushed for direct US talks as the best way to have ‘maximum pressure’ sanctions lifted.

Ali Khamenei, the supreme leader, who endorsed two years of talks with the US leading up to the JCPOA in 2015 and earlier over Afghanistan and Iran, said in January that “negotiations with the enemy at a certain juncture does not necessarily mean surrender."

Foreign Minister Hossein Amir-Abodllahian first hinted at the possibility on Monday and Supreme Council of National Security chief Ali Shamkhani echoed the same idea on Tuesday.

The exceptions were the hardliner Kayhan which is linked to Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei's office and ultraconservative Vatan Emrooz, a Paydari Party mouthpiece, which is the dominant hardliner group in the parliament.

The kayhan harshly criticized Amir-Abodollahian and Shamkhani for their support for direct talks with the Washington.

Last week, Kayhan and IRGC-linked Tasnim news agency had lashed out at Amir-Abdollahian for his support for a balanced foreign policy which meant having ties with the United States as well as Russia and China.

Vatan Emrooz totally had ignored the development while IRGC daily Javan avoided criticizing the foreign minister and the change was noticed by many social media activists in Iran.

The idea of direct talks was most recently brought up by US Special Envoy for Iran Robert Malley who responded to the Iranian side's call for a guarantee that future US governments will not pull out of a nuclear deal with Iran. Malley suggested that major US companies can be prompted to invest in Iran and in that case, they will prevent a US pull out from a new agreement.

Nonetheless, it was Khamenei himself who first mentioned the possibility of direct talks with the United States in a January 9 speech in which he showed the first public sign of his readiness for a compromise on the nuclear deal. His move was similar to his "heroic flexibility" speech in 2013 when he first agreed to negotiations with the United States. He said on January 9, "Negotiations with the enemy at a certain juncture does not necessarily mean surrender".

In a report that was published by Iran Diplomacy website on Wednesday, conservative commentator Jalal Khoshchehreh told the website that softening Iran's positions on holding direct talks with America was a change that followed President Ebrahim Raisi's visit to Moscow last week. Raisi himself, however, implied on live TV Tuesday night that direct talks are possible only if the United States lifts the sanctions on Iran.

As a result, Iranian newspapers came out Wednesday morning with three different messages about Tehran's approach to direct talks with Washington: The good, the bad and the ugly: Khamenei and Amir Abdollahian approving of direct talks with some hesitation, Raisi pending direct talks on the lifting of the sanctions, and Kayhan absolutely ruling out direct negotiations under any circumstances.

In a prominent headline on its frontpage on Wednesday the Kayhan said that "Direct talks is the enemy's trick to evade lifting the sanctions. Hossein Shariatmadari, the daily's firebrand editor wrote in his "brotherly advice to the foreign minister and security chief" that although they might be looking for water, they are misled to drown themselves in a mirage. Shariatmadari said he is worried that support for direct talks with the United States might disappoint the regime's devoted zealot supporters.

The anti-US editor then resorted to a piece of poetry from Iran's great poet Hafiz and quoted the 14th century mystic as saying: "This country is far from water, beware of the demons who lead you to mirage."