Millions of Iranian protesters filled the streets across the country on the 12th day of nationwide protests, with human rights groups saying at least 42 people including five minors have been killed so far.
The 42 documented fatalities include 29 protesters, eight security personnel and five children or adolescents, figures released on Thursday by the US-based rights group HRANA showed.
Reports of many more injured are still being verified amid restricted access to field information and medical data following a total internet shutdown, HRANA said.
More than 2,277 have also been arrested in 12 days of protests that started over economic woes but soon spiraled into an uprising to topple the Islamic Republic, according to the report.
“At least 60 new arrests were recorded on Thursday alone, bringing the total to over 2,277 detainees, among them at least 166 minors and 48 university students, while 45 coerced televised “confessions” have been broadcast by state media since the unrest began,” HRANA reported.
The report cited an extensive strike movement, particularly in Kurdish and Lur areas, saying tens of towns in Kurdistan, West Azarbaijan, Kermanshah and Ilam provinces joined market shutdowns, alongside partial closures in Tehran and cities including Arak, Qazvin, Zanjan, Urmia, Isfahan and Shiraz.
The group reports extensive use of tear gas and shooting—including aerial fire—in several cities such as Bijar, Khorramabad, Behbahan and parts of Karaj, as well as electricity cuts in some locations, which together have hampered documentation and contributed to an “information fog” around the true scale of casualties.
The idea that Iran could change course through a shift at the top—without the collapse of the structure itself, and with a pragmatic figure opening up to the world—rests on a false assumption about how power actually works in Tehran.
That assumption has been reinforced by recent developments in Venezuela, where the United States forcibly removed Nicolás Maduro from power and now appears prepared to work with figures from within the same governing apparatus.
But Iran is not Venezuela, and treating it as such misunderstands the nature of the Islamic Republic’s power structure.
In Venezuela, despite corruption and the concentration of power, the political system is not security-ideological and transnational in the way Iran’s is. Loyalties and alliances in Caracas can shift without forcing a fundamental remake of the establishment.
Can the same be said about Tehran?
Over the past four decades, the original theocracy has evolved into a complex security-ideological power machine whose core lies within the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) and its affiliated networks. This machine is not merely an instrument of the system; it has become inseparable from it.
The IRGC, the Quds Force, parallel intelligence bodies, and a web of armed groups across the region are better understood as a single, tightly interwoven power structure. Even the potential departure of Iran’s supreme leader would be unlikely to alter, let alone dismantle, this organism.
Ali Khamenei may embody the Islamic Republic, and his name is often used interchangeably with the “system,” but the state itself encompasses thousands of actors across the Revolutionary Guards, security institutions and affiliated bodies.
These networks have cooperated operationally with aligned forces in Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Yemen, Afghanistan and Pakistan—working together in war, negotiation, and crisis management.
Other parts of the same apparatus have spent years developing missile and nuclear programs, accumulating expertise, institutional memory, and vested interests.
This is the product of a shared political and security life: a layered network in which relationships, trust, and interests have solidified over time. Such a network does not collapse with the departure of a single figure, or even a single faction.
Security relationships and interests built over decades are far more likely to reproduce themselves than to disappear with a leadership change. The leader may go, but the system’s underlying logic will remain.
That logic rests on several widely entrenched pillars: the expansion of the nuclear program; the development of missile and drone capabilities; the preservation and extension of regional proxy networks; and the definition of political identity in opposition to the United States and the West.
These are not merely policy preferences open to negotiation. They are widely treated within the system as pillars of survival. Betting on figures drawn from within this structure to shed their skin risks reproducing the very logic such a strategy claims to transcend.
The image of a moderate caretaker or a deal-making leader emerging as a Bonaparte-like figure capable of transforming the system is therefore closer to political fantasy than practical possibility.
Comparing Iran to Venezuela is ultimately a comparison between two dissimilar systems.
In Venezuela, alliances can shift while the structure remains intact. In Iran, the structure itself is the source of the crisis. The container and its contents are one and the same. A change of skin does not resolve that contradiction.
For Iranians—and for the wider world—the problem with the Islamic Republic cannot be solved by changing faces. A durable solution can only be contemplated when this structure gives way to an order that is fundamentally different, shaped by actors who are fundamentally different as well.
US President Donald Trump warned Iran’s authorities against killing protesters amid nationwide demonstrations on Thursday, praising Iranians as “brave people.”
Millions of Iranians took the streets across the country for a national rally called by exiled Prince Reza Pahlavi.
Trump told podcaster Hugh Hewitt that the Iranian leaders "have been told very strongly… that if they do that, they’re going to have to pay hell.”
This is the third time since the start of protests on December 28 that Trump has warned Tehran not to kill demonstrators or face possible US intervention.
Addressing Iranians directly, he urged them to “feel strongly about freedom,” and said: “There’s nothing like freedom. You’re brave people. It’s a shame what’s happened to your country.”
Protesters in Iran have appealed directly to Trump for protection. Rights groups say at least 36 people have been killed since the protests began on December, while more than 2,000 people have been arrested or detained.
A nationwide internet blackout hit Iran on Thursday according to live network metrics from network monitoring groups.
Asked if he would meet exiled Prince Pahlavi, Trump said he still waits to see what happens in Iran before meeting or endorsing any opposition figure.
"Well, I've watched him, and he seems like a nice person, but I'm not sure that it would be appropriate at this point to do that as President," Trump responded. "I think that we should let everybody go out there and see who emerges. I'm not sure necessarily that it would be an appropriate thing to do."
‘US Back people of Iran’
Vice President JD Vance said the administration stands by “anybody who is engaged in peaceful protests” and seeking to exercise “their rights of free association and to have their voices heard,” including in Iran.
"Obviously, the Iranian regime has a lot of problems, as the President of the United States has said, the smartest thing for them to have done, it was true two months ago, it's true today, is for them to actually have a real negotiation with the United States about what we need to see when it comes to their nuclear program," Vance said to reporters at the White House.
"I'll let the President speak to what we're going to do in the future. But we certainly stand with anybody across the world, including the Iranian people, who are advocating for their rights,” he added.
It began with metal shutters dropping in Tehran. At two neighboring shopping centers, shopkeepers on Dec. 28 pulled down their doors as security forces moved in, and the first chants rose from the corridors into the street.
“Honorable merchants; support, support!” When security forces arrived, the most urgent refrain was not yet a political manifesto. It was a promise of mutual protection: “Don’t be afraid, don’t be afraid; we’re all in this together.”
From there, the videos show how quickly what many initially read as an economic protest widened into something explicitly political.
Iran International reviewed 463 clips from the uprising’s first 10 days – recorded in 91 cities, towns and villages – and coded every instance in which chants were clearly audible.
Across the footage, we identified 93 distinct chants heard across 641 recorded chant instances, or occurrences of chants in the videos, not a count of unique slogans or unique events.
The slogans heard across that footage trace a rapid shift: from strike calls and solidarity to direct rejection of the Islamic Republic and, increasingly, calls for the return of monarchy.
That first day, the footage was narrow. Beyond one clip from Shoush market – where merchants chanted, “Pezeshkian, have some shame; give up the presidency” – few other slogans from outside the merchants’ immediate world were clearly audible in the videos we reviewed.
On the second day, strike calls such as “Close up, close up” still echoed through the bazaars – but the protest vocabulary broke decisively into open confrontation with the Islamic Republic.
In Tehran, chants like “Until the cleric is buried, this homeland won’t become a homeland” and “Cannons, tanks, fireworks; mullahs must go” signaled a shift from trade grievance to political defiance.
That same day, a line surfaced that would come to define the first 10 days in our video analysis: “This is the final battle; Pahlavi will return.”
From this point forward, the uprising’s slogans were no longer simply about pressure or protest. They were about power – and what should replace it.
The pro-Pahlavi chant was heard in universities too, surprising some observers and even triggering accusations of video manipulations.
At Allameh Tabataba’i University, students chanted, “Neither Pahlavi nor the Supreme Leader, freedom and equality.” At Beheshti University, a line from the Woman Life Freedom movement of 2022 was heard: “You’re the lecher; you’re the whore; I am a free woman."
As the days went on, the geography widened.
The footage moved beyond Tehran into smaller cities and towns – Kouh-Chenar, Farsan, Asadabad, Juneghan – while protests continued in dormitories as well as streets.
What stood out across these scenes was not only the spread of the demonstrations, but the repetition of two dominant political poles in what people shouted: opposition to the Islamic Republic, and support for the Pahlavi family.
By the middle of the 10-day period, the uprising’s language also began to absorb the weight of mourning. Chants were not only rallying cries, but elegies.
In Kouhdasht, mourners chanted: “This flower has been torn apart; it has become a gift to the homeland.” They also repeated the slogans already familiar from the streets: “Pahlavi will return,” and “Death to the dictator.”
In Fooladshahr, mourners chanted “Death to Khamenei” at the burial of Dariush Ansari, one of the first protesters killed in this round of unrest. In Marvdasht, at the burial of Khodadad Shirvani Monfared, “Long live the Shah” was also chanted.
The uprising was not speaking in one register. It was speaking in many – anger, grief, defiance, and sometimes myth.
In Zahedan, footage recorded “Allahu Akbar” and “Death to Khamenei” after Friday prayers. In a village in Hamedan province, another line appeared: “Wail, Seyyed Ali (Khamenei); Pahlavi is coming.”
In Shiraz University’s dormitory courtyard, students chanted: “The Shah is coming home; Zahhak will be overthrown” – using the mythic tyrant Zahhak as a stand-in for Khamenei.
Toward the end of the 10 days, the volume of videos fell – fewer clips surfaced in our review – yet some of the most intense scenes were recorded in that period.
Funerals in Malekshahi, Ilam province, for Latif Karimi, Reza Azimi, and Mehdi Emami-Pour were marked by chants including “I will kill, I will kill, whoever killed my brother.”
One clip recorded citizens pleading “Police force; support, support” during an attack on a hospital in Malekshahi, even as officers stormed the facility.
Day 9 brought a quieter map but a sharper political profile. In the footage published from eight cities and villages, three chants rose most clearly: “Long live the Shah,” “Death to the dictator,” and “Neither Gaza nor Lebanon; my life for Iran.”
In Chenar-Sheikh (Chenar Sofla), the biggest village in Hamedan province, protests continued, and one line that drew attention – “Khamenei is a murderer; in your dreams” – echoed a Persian-language comment posted by Elon Musk under one of Ali Khamenei’s posts on X.
Then, on the tenth day, the footage suggested renewed momentum. Protests were recorded across 19 cities, with the signature chants against "the dictator" and for Pahlavi leading the chorus.
In some campuses, students continued – sometimes with the simplest insistence of all: “Freedom, freedom, freedom”; sometimes with a pledge of endurance: “Don’t think it’s just today, our appointment is every day.”
Across the footage, one thing is constant: people are not only protesting, but naming an alternative.
The future of this latest round of unrest is not written. But another chapter in Iranians' journey towards an Iran without the Islamic Republic is being drafted, line by line - and in the open.
A nationwide internet outage has gripped Iran, according to London-based internet monitoring group NetBlocks, shortly after massive crowds poured into the streets following calls for nationwide protests.
The shutdown, also confirmed by Tehran-based outlets, comes as anti-government protests continue to escalate and demonstrators take to the streets in the capital and nationwide despite deadly crackdowns by security forces.
“The incident follows a series of escalating digital censorship measures targeting protests across the country and hinders the public's right to communicate at a critical moment,” Netblocks added.
Iran has cut internet access before during mass unrest in 2022, 2019 and 2009. Those moves coincided with deadly attacks on demonstrators which ultimate quashed the protest movements.
Social media platforms are routinely difficult for Iranians to access even in normal times, with official curbs sending many users to virtual private networks, or VPNs, to bypass official censorship.
The "digital blackout", as described by Netblocks, started immediately after huge crowds of people took to the streets across the country heeding a call for nationwide protests at 8 pm by Prince Reza Pahlavi.
British lawmaker Tom Tugendhat told parliament on Thursday that there were reports of Russian cargo aircraft landing in Tehran and quantities of gold leaving the country.
“We’re also seeing Russian cargo aircraft coming and landing in Tehran, presumably carrying weapons and ammunition, and we’re hearing reports of large amounts of gold leaving Iran,” Tugendhat said. It was unclear what reports he was referencing.
Anti-government protests have gripped Iran since Dec. 28 in one of the biggest challenges yet to the near 50-year rule of the Islamic Republic.
US-based rights group HRANA reported that 34 protestors and 2 members of the security forces have been killed.
Tugendhat asked the government to comment on the information that he said could indicate preparations “for life after the fall.”
Responding to the remarks, UK Minister for the Middle East and North Africa Hamish Falconer said he was “not in a position to give a detailed update” on the assertions.
Britain, Hamish added, believed freedom of assembly and the right to protest were “inalienable rights of the Iranian people” and should be respected by the Iranian authorities.
Tugendhat had earlier suggested senior figures in Iran’s government may already be reaching out to foreign intelligence services and trading secrets in search of protection if the government falls.
“How many senior regime officials are reaching out to foreign intelligence officials and trading secrets for security when the regime collapses?” Tugendhat posted on X on Friday.
“The leadership will be suspicious that many are looking for safe landing but paranoia won't help many of the leaders are doing it too,” he added.
